Rudiments of Ramsey theory
Ronald L. GrahamLoosely speaking, Ramsey theory is that branch of combinatorics which deals with structure which is preserved under partitions. Typically one looks at the following kind of question: If a particular structure (e.g., algebraic, combinatorial or geometric) is arbitrarily partitioned into finitely many classes, what kinds of substructures must always remain intact in at least one of the classes?
During the past few years, a number of spectacular advances have been made in the field of Ramsey theory. These include, for example, the work of Szemerédi and Furstenberg settling the venerable conjecture of Erdös and Turán (that a set of integers with no k-term arithmetic progression must have density zero), the Nesetril-Rödl theorems on induced Ramsey properties, the results of Paris and Harrington on "large" Ramsey numbers and undecidability in first-order Peano arithmetic, Deuber's solution to the old partition regularity conjecture of Rado, Hindman's surprising generalization of Schur's theorem, and the resolution of Rota's conjecture on Ramsey's theorem for vector spaces by Graham, Leeb and Rothschild. It has also become apparent that the ideas and techniques of Ramsey theory span a rather broad range of mathemat